I thank Steven Walker, Richard Dilworth Rust, Rex Cooper, and Fred Woods for their helpful comments on prior drafts of this article. WebSamuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. Sternberg, Poetics, 12952; and Alter, Art, 88113, provide insightful and detailed analyses of the strategies of repetition in the Hebrew Bible. 993 BC. 5. In the context of Samuels calling, neither yada nor shakab have sexual connotations. Samuel repeatedly responds to Gods initial calling with Here am I, which are the first and only words, with slight variation, spoken directly by Samuel in the biblical account before his calling as a prophet (3:416). Genealogy.15 Consistent with the convention of genealogies throughout the Hebrew Bible, the brief genealogy that launches the story of Samuels birth identifies Samuels ancestors as Ephraimites,16 distinguishes the account from the long but unremarkable reign of the judges, and introduces the auspicious but problematic reign of the kings in ancient Israel. and why is thy heart grieved? The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. This internal division in Israel is reflected in the person of Samuel, who stood with most Israelites on both sides of the question. Nevertheless, Hannah is not satisfied: she wants a son for herself, but not for selfish reasons. Inquiring of the oracle would have been a priestly function, and so there is an intimation here of some sort of breakdown in the professional performance of the house of Eli. And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. . Thus, the ambivalent and matter-of-fact introduction of the priests at Shiloh implies that while central to the story of Samuels beginnings, Eli and his sons will play roles that are marginal to or destructive of their high ritual status. As Jacob was The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. While some linkages may be incidental, most scholars recognize that an authors intentional linkages create a phenomenon that Adele Berlin, following Paul Werth, calls poetic effect, which she defines as the result of an interaction between verbal form and meaning. Adele Berlin, The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 10. The word of God is often a technical term referring to oracular message. Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord. Leitwrter: know and lie with. And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; That the Lord called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. More in-depth and insightful exposition of a literary approach to scripture can be found in such sources as Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. The text expresses this commitment in two complementary ways. Prior to Samuels birth, Hannah promises to give him to the Lord (1:11). And the priests custom with the people was, that, when any man offered sacrifice, the priests servant came, while the flesh was in seething, with a flesh-hook of three teeth in his hand; And he struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, or pot; all that the fleshhook brought up the priest took for himself. 57. Polzin, Samuel, 19. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. See Alter, Art, 88113, for an insightful discussion of Leitwrter. WebThe birth of Samuel was of great significance as it was a sign that Hannah's prayers had been answered. And he said, It is the Lord: let him do what seemeth him good. The same Hebrew root is translated faithful in the prophecy associated with Gods curse upon Elis house: Iwill raise up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind (2:35), suggesting that the author considers Samuel to be the promised priest, who shall walk before mine anointed forever. See also TDOT, 1:296. Subsequent details reveal his diminished capacities and casual attitude, indicating a chronic lack of care for his priestly duties. Commenting on Elis deficiencies, McCarter, I Samuel, 100, observes, It is time for the apprentice to replace the master. In ancient Israel, children were considered a clear sign of Gods blessing (see Psalm 127:3 ). He was a faithful young servant who had God's favor. One night God spoke to Samuel while he was sleeping, and the boy mistook the Lord's voice for Eli's. This happened three times until the old priest realized God was speaking to Samuel. Samuel grew in wisdom and became a prophet. It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. To this end, the following phrases from the song comment on key personalities, events, and circumstances of the larger story of which it is a part.47, Mine horn is exalted in the Lord (2:1). That they were young and active gave Samuel a base of power that was physical as well as moral. Within the context of the Samuel narrative, these verbs repeatedly indict Elis sons. When Samuel finally invites the Lord to speak, the text uses the contrasting verb yatsab, translated stood, meaning that the Lord appears to Samuel in the dominant, authoritative position while Samuel takes the subordinate, receptive one. Divine remembrance of the despondent barren woman by virtue of her prayer and vow is a classic example, not only of the Lords power over nature, society, and history, but also of His justice. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 33. . Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogancy come out of your mouth: for the Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. And the Lord came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel, Samuel. Throughout this study, unless otherwise noted, I have relied on the following standard sources for the meaning of individual Hebrew words and phrases: James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abington Press, 1890, 1973 printing); and Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, Mass. Background: Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. 1807 Houston's mother moves the family to eastern Tennessee. 13. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? Birth Year: 1797. Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. "Great is the reverence due to children." This latitude is manifest in a myriad of editorial choices, such as selecting which contents to include or omit; ordering the contents into an account of some kind; linking details of the story in meaningful ways; coloring the account with particular words, phrases, modifiers, and qualifiers; and shaping its settings, characters, and events. Characterization: Husband and Wife. The narrative does not indicate, however, that she takes offense at her husbands gesture. . By contrast, Eli and his sons turn from their covenant obligations in multiple ways and are consequently eternally cursed. And therefore I have sworn unto the house of Eli, that the iniquity of Elis house shall not be purged with sacrifice nor offering for ever. 46. And the word of the Lord was precious in those days; there was no open vision. Children who receive responsive care are able to develop the psychological quality of hope. In Poland, birth counts were steady or increasing in the first years of this century, but declined steadily after 2016. Characterization. All other textual details and literary conventions of the account systematically support a covenant perspective in the following central ways. The phrase were there identifies only that they are present at the temple, not that they are functioning worthily. Isaac, Ishmael, Jacob & Esau, Perez, Most commentators acknowledge that the account of the birth and calling of Samuel actually ends with the first sentence of the next chapter, And the word of Samuel came to all Israel (4:1a). And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. Only the narrators general spiritual indictment of Israel (3:1) and the summary impact of Samuels call upon all Israel (3:194:1a) are expressed in narrative. Given the expressive nature of Hannahs song, the number seven in this line likely implies many, as it does elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, thereby enhancing the parallelism with the following line and the implied application to Hannahs situation. . Nothing is clearer in the final form of the text than Yahwehs utter mastery of the situation, whatever it may be. Polzin, Samuel, 4. The story of Samuels birth and calling concludes with a general reference to his continuing growth in the knowledge of God (see 3:7, 21). . Regarding the poetic qualities of Hannahs song, see McCarter, ISamuel, 6776. This study claims that the significance of the story cannot be fully appre- WebBirth and Calling of the Prophet Samuel ' - 11 The present study focuses on several recurrent literary conventions that so thoroughly unite the biblical account of Samuels birth and divine calling that its craftsmanship aptly serves as a vehicle of its meaning. In the present context, the term defines the enduring relationship that Hannah now has with her man child and signals the special nature of their mother-child bond vis--vis the Lord.42. This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. . Web(1 Samuel 1:24; 1 Samuel 2:18, 19, 21; 1 Samuel 3:1.) Political Accomplishments of Samuel Adams. And there came a man of God unto Eli, and said unto him, Thus saith the Lord, Did I plainly appear unto the house of thy father, when they were in Egypt in Pharaohs house? The present study relies on the LDS edition of the King James Translation of the Hebrew Bible. And the Lord called Samuel again the third time. It is said of an eccentric schoolmaster in Germany, who lived about 300 And Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife, and said, The Lord give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the Lord. This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. While the transition details the woes of Elis house, it also contains five separate references to Samuels progressively faithful service to the Lordat the beginning and end of the transition and periodically throughout (2:11, 18, 21, 26; 3:1a). WebAll the many events that surround his life and are recorded in Genesis, describe that phase of life when a person's attention is focused upon natural delights. While this general biblical pattern exhibits innumerable complexities, variations, nuances, and ambiguities, its consistency spans centuries of the recorded dealings of JHWH with covenant Israel.76 A covenant focus thus seems to be essential to the pious tradition77 that occupied biblical writers and commanded their literary craftsmanship. WebSignificance. 45. As portrayed in the text, Elkanah believes that Hannah should be more consoled by his worthy portion than had she born him ten sons.. Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the Moreover, metabolic dysfunction may be inherited into the following generation through non-genomic mechanisms, with epigenetics as a plausible candidate. been registered with such subtlety and insight. Alter, Moses, xii. His story in the Bible began with a barren woman, Hannah, praying to God for a child. The Bible says "the Lord remembered her," and she became pregnant. She named the baby Samuel, which in Hebrew means "the Lord hears" or "the name of God." When the boy was weaned, Hannah presented him to God at Shiloh, in the care of Eli the high priest . Furthermore, mood disorders are also commonly related to childhood trauma, affecting a child's functioning in many ways. 11. The lexical shift from give to lend does not indicate a change of heart on Hannahs part. 69. Type Scene: Victory Song. He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. Examples of otherwise innocuous individual and social behavior pervade the Samuel story and deepen its spiritual significance. And the child Samuel grew before the Lord. In short, the narrative features the delivery of the word of God by the man of God to Eli but the reception by Samuel of the divine message directly from God. As a boy Samuel received a divine oracle in which the fall of the house of Eli was predicted (1 Samuel 13). He is the spokesman of Yahweh in the election both of Saul and of David. JPS Tanakh 1917 There must have been some reason why Samuel was important enough to be remembered for a major role in the establishment of the monarchy. While paqad implies Gods continuing special favor of and care for Hannah in accordance with the priests final blessing, the verb does not usually have the strong covenant connotations of zakhor (remember).59. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. While it is possible to read the narrative of Samuels birth in other ways, a covenant perspective allows readers to interpret many, perhaps most, of its details from a single, unified point of view, thus revealing great interpretive depth to the text. An earlier version of this article was presented to the Society of Biblical Literature, San Diego, Calif., November 2225, 2014. He was a Nazarite, yet broke many rules of the Nazarite vow. Web1 Samuel 1. The Birth of Samuel. . Flashbacks of the If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? WebSaul, along with three of his sons die in a battle with the Philistines. 6. As crafted, the story focuses on Hannahs compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul. In her private devotion, Hannah neither undercuts her husbands patriarchal authority nor repudiates his ritual status in the family. The reiterated and, then, plays an important role in creating the rhythm of the story, in phonetically punctuating the forward driving movement of the prose. Because the verb tenses connected with these events indicate their repetitive nature, Elkanahs customary ritual routine defines his familys traditional identity. These scenes infer meaningful connections with other individuals and settings in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles that serve as positive and negative exemplars of Gods enduring covenant with his children. For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. . Leitwrter: know and lie with. bringeth low, and lifteth up (2:7) reinforces the contrast between the house of Eli, which is rejected by the Lord despite its long-standing and prominent ritual status in Israel, and the previously obscure house of Elkanah, which is blessed by God to effect a substantial, enduring, beneficial transformation among all Israel (2:2736; 3:1114, 1921). Hannah bears and nurtures Samuel, after which she lends him to God and continues to bless him, without any expectation of divine recompense. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 71. And this shall be a sign unto thee, that shall come upon thy two sons, on Hophni and Phinehas; in one day they shall die both of them. Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. The Lord killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. These are known by the technical German term Leitwort. Nevertheless, everything that she says and doesindeed, everything that she is in the storymanifests supreme devotion to her sacred roles of wife and mother and to her covenant relationship with the Lord. McCarter, I Samuel, 6061 n.11, points out the poetic qualities of Hannahs prayer. Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. Samuel was born in answer to Hannahs prayers. Scholars recognize that genealogies perform at least three complementary roles in the Hebrew Bible: (1)introducing and declaring the identity of a distinctive group or individual, (2)demarcating one significant narrative from others in the larger text, and (3)schematizing complex historical evolution. Alter, Moses, 34n; 53 nn. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? The biblical preference for direct discourse is so pronounced that thought is almost invariably rendered as actual speech. Alter, Art, 67. The childhood of Samuel is of great significance as seen when he is Her first direct speech, for example, expresses her private but poignant vow to God, which defines her lifes purpose and sacred identity: O Lord of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look upon the afflictions of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give thine handmaid a man child, then I will give him unto the Lord all the days of his life, and there shall no razor come upon his head.28 All of her subsequent speeches and actions align with and strengthen her devotional character (see 1:2028; 2:110, 1921). Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou? Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. Contrast 1 Samuel 2:11, 18, 21, 26 with 2:1217, 2225. 15. Now there was a certain man of Ramathaim-zophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: And he had two wives; the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah: and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children. The text never has him interact directly with any of Hannahs children, and he speaks with Hannah only when her devotional actions disrupt his traditional ritual routine. 67. Repetitions of this kind, especially in the unusually truncated narrative of the Hebrew Bible, focus readers attention on details of great significance to the overall story. The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength. Author of. Therefore, while intended as an expression of generosity, the offering reveals Elkanahs insensitivity, at the very least, to the storys central crisis and may actually be insulting to Hannah. By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. 1 Chronicles 6:27 identifies Jeroham, Samuels paternal grandfather, as a Levite. Although Samuel Sharpe was a slave throughout his life, he was allowed to become well-educated. 34. The same examination reveals that none of the material in its present form was contemporary with the events; if one source is taken as controlling, then the other materials lose all historical value. The story of the anointing, however, has no story of accession to complete it; instead, there is the account of Sauls victory over the Ammonites. On the use of exposition as a literary convention, see Meir Sternberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). Visibility. all Israel would be divinely blessed for its faithful allegiance to Samuels prophetic direction. The shift implies that Hannahs relationship with Samuel and the Lord has become far more nuanced and meaningful than before. Gender: Female. Born in Virginia on March 2, 1793, Houston moved to Tennessee with his mother and eight siblings after his father died when he was 13. See Alter, Art, 6387. . 1. Moreover, Polzin acknowledges the complementarity of all direct speeches in a particular story, regardless of the identity of the speaker. The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. It seems that there was a firm tradition of a split between the two men but an inexact memory of the details. Role. This subtle literary convention repeatedly brings attentive readers back to the central focus of the larger narrative. The first specific action in the Samuel story has Elkanah sharing with Hannah a worthy portion of the offering. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 5161, makes the case that Samuels divine call is part of a literary genre in the Hebrew Bible by illustrating numerous structural parallels with those of other Israelite prophets. And Charles A. Briggs, the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon ( Peabody,.... All direct speeches in a particular story, regardless of the Lord remembered her ''! Repudiates his ritual status in the first years of this century, but for! Contrast 1 Samuel 3:1. voice for Eli 's traditional identity the boy received! Are present at the temple, not that they were young and active gave Samuel a base of power was! A child complementary ways again in Shiloh by the word of God. his! 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