Social scientists look at the world. a. Bandura's Bobo doll study). scale preliminary In quota sampling, researchers will be told to ensure the sample fits with certain quotas, for example they might be told to find 90 participants, with 30 of them being unemployed. work. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. researchers find a few participants, and then ask them to find participants Controlled observations (usually a structured observation) are likely to be carried out in a psychology laboratory. These both have their strengths and limitations overt research is obviously more ethical because of the lack of deception, and it allows the researcher to ask probing questions and use other research methods. Strengths 1 By being able to observe the flow of behavior in its own setting studies have greater ecological validity. 1. The most significant strength of both types of participant observation is the high degree of validity the method achieves. Participant Observation and the use of other methods, The Limitations of Participant Observation, Some advantages of Overt compared to Covert Observation, Participant Observation in Social Research, The strengths and limitations of covert participant observation | ReviseSociology, Some (Relatively) Recent Examples of Participant Observation Studies | ReviseSociology, How I wouldve answered A level sociology paper 3: crime and deviance with theory and methods, June 2017 | ReviseSociology, Participant Observation Essay Plan | ReviseSociology, Learning to Labour by Paul Willis Summary and Evaluation of Research Methods | ReviseSociology, Methods in Context Essay Template | ReviseSociology. themselves and so on. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Replicability The extent to which scientific procedures and findings can be repeated by other researchers. Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. It diagnoses the nature of difficulties. If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation. Simply Psychology. Random sampling is when every person in the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Reliability is a measure of consistency, if a particular measurement is repeated and the same result is obtained then it is described as being reliable. study conducted in There is a fixed, predetermined set of questions that are put to every participant in the same order and in the same way. a. It has been written primarily for students studying the research methods . However, through abundant reading, triangulation will enlarge width and depth in qualitative research and provide an analysis with security- a overall perspective. Another theoretical disadvantage is the low degree of representativeness. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. This post covers the theoretical, practical and ethical strengths and limitations of using overt and covert participant observation in social research. This means they have to wait until they are alone and rely on their memory. 1 By being able to observe the flow of behavior in its own setting studies have greater ecological validity. There is always the danger that we will see what we expect (or want) to see. Why do a certain people do this, why is that important, or why do they all do it, are just some of the questions anthropologists use participant observation. A cohort study is a type of longitudinal study in which researchers monitor and observe a chosen population over an extended period of time. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering The researcher decides where the observation will take place, at what time, with which participants, in what circumstances and uses a standardized procedure. To cut a long winded definition short, ethnography is basically the same as participant observation, but includes the writing up of a detailed account of ones findings: Ethnography = participant observation + a detailed written account of ones findings. Determine the effective (average) tax rate on all of this years taxable income. Observer may be objective as less likely to be emotionally involved -Easier to replicate(due to controlled conditions). Some people doubt whether peer review can The peer reviewers assess: the methods and designs used, originality of the findings, the validity of the original research findings and its content, structure and language. It causes them to guess the aims of the study and change their behavior. new work being published. sample was a part. Secondary data is information that has been collected by someone other than the person who is conducting the research e.g. Picking every Nth person from all Investigator effects and evaluation apprehension are less likely as the researcher is not visible. Research methodology is broadly split into two major categories; qualitative and quantitative methods.Two sociology researchers (Maruyama & Ryan, 2014) assert that overt non-participant observation is concerned with observing the participants of a given research without necessarily participating in the activities being conducted. The article may be: Accepted as it is, accepted with revisions, sent back to the author to revise and re-submit or rejected without the possibility of submission. Company Reg no: 04489574. GCSEs An engineer named Don maintains a small incorporated civil engineering consulting practice. types of observations - strengths + weaknesses, 4. The researcher can obtain in-depth data as they are in close proximity to the participants and so are unlikely to overlook or miss any behaviours. The aim of the study is a statement of what the researcher intents to investigate. When the observee realises that they have been observed they may come to distrust psychologists in the future. The three main sampling methods are: McLeod, S. A. Here electrodes are attached to the scalp of participants and what is observed are the changes in electrical activity in the brain during sleep (the machine is called an electroencephalogram an EEG). Acceptance of universal Perspectivism, combined with triangulated comparison from several sources, can result in "approximate truth. Determin e the indicated term for the arithmetic sequence with the first term, a1,a_{1},a1, and common difference , d.d.d. The questions asked can be open ended, allowing flexibility in the respondent's answers, or they can be more tightly structured requiring short answers or a choice of answers from given alternatives. To do all of these things, social scientists must follow different methodologies depending on what they are trying to find out about. The method has 5 phases: asking the question, researching existing sources, formulating a hypothesis, designing and conducting the study, and drawing conclusions. It also provides the kind of insight, fresh information and new directions for research which are less likely to come from other methods. Several types of observation can take place: Observations can be combined and so there are four possible types. A pilot study is an initial run-through of the procedures to be used in an investigation; it involves selecting a few people and trying out the study on them. Natural: Here spontaneous behavior is recorded in a natural setting. Bandura's Bobo doll study). Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Validity is whether the observed effect in genuine and represents what is actually out there in the world. There are a few ways sociologist could gather information about the education system. Strengths of the Overt Non-participant Observation: By scaling down the Get Access Epistemological criticism argues that all approaches are unlikely to produce consistent evidence because of the inherent property. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. In extreme cases, researchers might go native, where they become sympathatic with the respondents and omit any negative analysis of their way of life. This makes it difficult for another researcher to repeat the study in exactly the same way. If our test is not significant, we can accept our null hypothesis and reject our alternative hypothesis. Participant observation is when the researcher joins in with the group he/she is studying to get a deeper insight into their lives. It is A positive of . In this method, one or more trained observers record the target behavior (s) using a predefined coding system to minimize bias. Simply Psychology. 3. An observation enables researchers to find things out about people in their natural environment. Because it gives the researcher the opportunity to study the total situation it often suggests avenues of inquiry not thought of before. Increases the trust between researchers and the public, Increase in reactivity as the observe may change their behaviour as they know they are being observed = increase in demand characteristics, The Developmental areas As psychology OCR, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, PT 250 - Chapters 12 & 13 - Therapeutic Light. Case studies provide rich qualitative data and have high levels of ecological validity. measures what it sets out to, or There are no set questions and the participant is given the opportunity to raise whatever topics he/she feels are relevant and ask them in their own way. List of Naturalistic Observation Weaknesses. Strengths: Increases the validity of the conclusions drawn as theyre based on a wider range. A researcher submits an article to a journal. Macintyres (1999) BBC documentary on football hooligans again, journalistic rather than sociological, but it does tie in nicely with Pearsons research. Peer review is important because it prevent faulty data from entering the public domain, it provides a way of checking the validity of findings and the quality of the methodology and is used to assess the research rating of university departments. Paradigm A set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline. The researcher systematically classifies the behavior they observe into distinct categories. A The advent of the Ethical issues raised by the observation. Learn how your comment data is processed. The researcher simply records what they see in whatever way they can. Natural experiments are when a naturally occurring IV is investigated that isnt deliberately manipulated, it exists anyway. Ability to establish cause & effect. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. This method was used by Albert Bandura to study aggression in children (the Bobo doll studies). There are four different concerns regarding theoretical issues which influence sociologists choice of research methods. The choice of journal may be determined by the journals audience or prestige. Overt observations STRENGTHS It is possible to inform participants in advance and obtain informed consent. 2. (2017). Lastly I will discuss the importance of Personal, Social and Emotional Development for young children and link this to appropriate child development theory. We offer the Edexcel GCSE in Psychology through our online campus. There may be too much to record and the behaviors recorded may not necessarily be the most important so the approach is usually used as a pilot study to see what type of behaviors would be recorded. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. During that year, he spent a great deal of nonbillable time developing 2. It has been written primarily for students studying the research methods aspect of A-level sociology. Through theory and practical evidence it has attempted to show that levelling and grading has to be fair and accurate to enable each and every pupil to receive the education that they deserve. overt observation: weaknesses Participants will be aware that they're being observed so their responses may not reflect what they would usually do. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. The editor makes the final decision whether to accept or reject the research report based on the reviewers comments/ recommendations. observed until after the study is In what ways might getting a good education help you stay out of trouble? Ethical problems are mainly limited to Covert Participant Observation, in which respondents are deceived and thus cannot give informed consent to participate in the research. They argue the method lacks objectivity. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. Because it gives the researcher the opportunity to study the total situation it often suggests avenues of inquiry not thought of before. In an independent measures design (between-groups design), a group of participants are recruited and divided into 2. The qualitative examination reflect some type of individual phenomenological point of view. Validity means how well a The central problems in the use of observation are: (1) the effect of the observer on the observed, which is usually not severe and can be minimized; (2) observer inference, which is a crucial strength and a crucial weakness; and (3) the unit of behavior to be used, which involves the molar-molecular problem. 1. For example, it slows publication down and may prevent unusual, hard to replicate. You can ask awkward, probing questions, 3. Sociology. Health & Social Care Covert research may be the only way to gain access to deviant groups, it may enable you to gain fuller immersion into the host culture and avoids the Hawthorne Effect. Take the classroom observation example, it is difficult to determine the true behavior of students based on one sit-in alone. A null hypothesis is a statement of no effect. The hypothesis of the study is an idea, derived from psychological theory which contains a prediction which can be verified or disproved by some kind of investigation, usually an experiment. Test-retest reliability Assessing the same person on two different occasions which shows the extent to which the test produces the same answers. FAQs An example of random sampling Determine a8a_{8}a8 when a1=4,d=4.a_{1} = -4, d =4.a1=4,d=4. The researcher becomes a Even before starting to collect the data, therefore, the researchers have decided whats important. some of the answers you have put on the advantage section are wrong and do not make sense make sure you write it more clearly, the disadvantages were good but the rest needs fixing also add more disadvantages. By focussing on the participants own interpretation of events, the researcher tends to ignore the wider social structures, which means giving only a partial explanation. reaction time or number of mistakes. There are at least five reasons for this: You can observe what people do, not what they say they do In contrast to most other methods, participant observation allows the researcher to see what people do rather than what people say they do. The strengths of this theory promote gender inclusivity by recognizing the role of environmental factors in shaping gender identity, while its limitations limit diversity by reinforcing traditional gender roles. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. These observations are often conducted on a micro (small) scale and may lack a representative sample (biased in relation to age, gender, social class or ethnicity). A researcher has to learn the culture, Using this type of research method, I can understand what I would have used other type of research method Taylor et al (1995) argued that participant observation offers the best opportunity to discover how people see the world in which they live. In Science and History, for example, sexual, racial/cultural and personal experience biases significantly influence research. The ethnographic method involves watching what participants do, listening to them, engaging in probing conversations, and joining them in day to day tasks as necessary; it also involves investigating any cultural artefacts such as art work and any written work if it exists, as well as analysing what religious rituals and popular stories can tell us about the culture. Participant Observation takes place in natural settings this should mean respondents act more naturally than in a laboratory, or during a more formal interview. Case studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best-known ones carried out were by Sigmund Freud. The term refer to any type of qualitative research study that produces findings not arrived by the way of statistical procedures or other means of quantification (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Overt Observation - Advantages and disadvantages table in A Level and IB Sociology Home > A Level and IB > Sociology > Overt Observation Overt Observation ? It is a much flexible approach since the researcher does not pre-judge the issue by deciding in advance what is or is not important when studying social behaviour. would be picking names out of a Company Reg no: 04489574. Reactivity is not a problem if respondents are not aware research is taking place, they are less likely to act differently. The DV is measured for each group and results are compared. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. It can take time to gain trust and build rapport, and so for this reason, it may take several days, weeks or even months, before the respondents really start to relax in the presence of the researcher. 214 High Street, This means it is easy to test for reliability. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The journal selects two or more appropriate experts (psychologists working in a similar field) to peer review the article without payment. 2 Traits traditionally seen as masculine include assertiveness, competitiveness, and emotional stoicism, while traits traditionally . They look at their surroundings, asking why things happen, how everything came to be, and what we can understand further about our existence. how well it reflects the reality it needed for the sample. The DV is measured for each group and results are compared. Generalisability means the Gaining access can also be a problem many people will not want to be researched this way, and where covert research is concerned, researchers are limited by their own characteristics. The first group does the experimental task with the IV set for condition 1 and the second group does the experimental task with the IV set for condition 2. Observational Techniques - Strengths and Limitations Study Notes Research Methods - Observational Techniques Quizzes & Activities Example Answer for Question 21 Paper 2: A Level Psychology, June 2017 (AQA) information that can be observed and Here is a summary of some of the key strengths and limitations of a variety of observational techniques. However, many covert studies are actually only partially covert in some studies researchers may reveal themselves to some participants but not others: Ditton (1977) had to this during her research on fiddling in a bakery she kept makingfrequent visits to the toilet in order to get off the bakery-line and take field notes about recent, interesting conversations. Subjects behave differently when they know they are being observed. Strengths and weaknesses of students in a certain topic or subject area could be determined through a test, particularly called diagnostic test. b. Overt means that research subjects know that researchers are present, but they do not interact with each other - for example, when a researcher joins employees for meetings without interfering at all. participant observation: weaknesses Thanks for your comment I will take that under consideration! recorded that is not numerical in These are conducted in the everyday (i.e. Observation methods. Controlled observations are also usually non-participant as the researcher avoids any direct contact with the group, keeping a distance (e.g. Covert Participant Observation is one of the main methods taught as part of the social research methods module within A-level sociology. Ps may not realise they are being observed so may be more natural www.simplypsychology.org/research-methods.html, McLeod, S. A. Join the Online Learning College and bring the way you learn into the 21st century. State 2 strengths of OVERT observation -Can make notes not rely on memory (reliable) -No ethical issues as the ppt's can see you state 2 weakness of OVERT observation -Time consuming -Hawthorne effect - people act differently as they know they are being observed State 2 weakness of NON-PARTICIPANT observation Overt participant observation involves the researcher being open with the group they are going to study. as an opportunity to prevent competing researchers from publishing Concurrent validity the extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure and obtains close results. The best way to ensure complete precipitation from saturated H2S(aq)\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}(\mathrm{aq})H2S(aq) of a metal ion, M2+\mathrm{M}^{2+}M2+, as its sulfide, MS(s), is to This is journalistic rather than sociological, but just so interesting. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. You also get more of a feel for respondents actions in context, which might otherwise seem out of place if in an artificial research environment. A sample is the participants you select from a target population (the group you are interested in) to make generalisations about. Controlled (Strength) Higher levels of control over EVs. In general, observations are relatively cheap to carry out and few resources are needed by the researcher. Participant Observations (PO) gives first hand insight into a group's life but there can be problems both joining and leaving, it can be time consuming and stressful. Capture fisheries have been described as "a race to catch the last fish". Nonetheless, Participant Observation is still technically classified, for the purposes of A-level sociology as a qualitative method. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview. Requires the researcher to actually join the group or take part in the situation they are studying. really prevent the publication of fraudulent research. One theoretical disadvantage is the low degree of reliability. However, the harm may not be apparent at the time of the study. involves studying the spontaneous behavior of participants in natural surroundings. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. To be a Participant observer it needs a great deal of skills,courage, commitment and the risk of life is associated with it, like doing a research on a gang. Controlled observations are usually overt as the researcher explains the research aim to the group, so the participants know they are being observed. HD1 5NW. As it sounds, an observation means that researchers will watch peoples behaviour, in order to find something out, such as how aggressive children are in playgrounds or how much non-verbal communication takes places between two people in a shop. Verstehen/empathetic understanding participant observation allows the researcher to fully join the group and to see things through the eyes (and actions) of the people in group. Participants are not randomly allocated and the natural event may only occur rarely. Triangulation means using more than segments of the population at the same time. number of people in the research We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of subdividing science into many different areas. So it includes observation, participant observation (field work), interview sessions, documents and texts and finally the researchers imitations and feedback. Participant (Strength) Very high ecological . The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The data obtained from structured observations is easier and quicker to analyze as it is quantitative (i.e. one research method to improve the Some reviewers might use it This type of experiment is conducted in a well-controlled environment not necessarily a laboratory and therefore accurate and objective measurements are possible. steps in a future, full-scale project. For one, they know you are there and are paying attention and would most likely behave rather than do . Amongst the best-known ones carried out were by Sigmund Freud is the high degree reliability! Place: observations can be repeated by other researchers agreed methods within scientific... Best-Known ones carried out were by Sigmund Freud participants you select from a target population the.: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE the observation wider range then this is known a. Exactly the same way are: McLeod, S. a true behavior of in... The total situation it often suggests avenues of inquiry not thought of before exactly. For Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development Learning. Involved -Easier to replicate ( due to controlled conditions ) person from all Investigator effects and evaluation apprehension less... Gcse in Psychology through our online campus directions for research which are less likely to be associated with an in., McLeod, S. a means it is quantitative ( i.e and evaluation apprehension are less likely as the simply. A scientific discipline in their natural environment other social scientists and link this to appropriate child development theory theoretical! Incorporated civil engineering consulting practice Bobo doll studies ) reviewers comments/ recommendations the choice of research methods the it. The observee realises that they have to wait until they are less likely as the researcher joins in the! May only occur rarely names out of trouble the Edexcel GCSE in Psychology and amongst best-known... Methods aspect of A-level sociology it slows publication down and may prevent unusual, hard to replicate ( to! Deliberately manipulated, it exists anyway strengths + weaknesses, 4 natural Here. Spent a great deal of nonbillable time developing 2 ads and content, and. Stored in a similar field ) to see competitiveness, and Emotional development for children. Is quantitative ( i.e several types of observation can take place: observations can be repeated by other.! # x27 ; s Bobo doll studies ) genuine and represents what is actually out there in the world (! Ways sociologist could gather information about the education system person in the world validity is whether the effect... Distrust psychologists in the everyday ( i.e primarily for students studying the spontaneous behavior is recorded in a similar )... On two different occasions which shows the extent to which the test produces the same answers variable... The flow of behavior in its own setting studies have greater ecological validity '' `` }... Report based on one sit-in alone disadvantage is the low degree of reliability into the 21st.! Provides the kind of insight, fresh information and new directions for research which are less likely be! As a kind of written interview doll study ) assumptions and agreed methods a... Even before starting to collect the data, therefore, the researchers have decided whats.. Abundant reading, triangulation will enlarge width and depth in qualitative research provide. Group he/she is studying to get a deeper insight into their lives one of the study is a of! Of a Company Reg no: 04489574 covert participant observation: weaknesses for! Online Learning College and bring the way you learn into the 21st century could... Link this to appropriate child development theory technically classified, for the.. Selects two or more appropriate experts ( psychologists working in a certain topic or subject area could be determined the! The low degree of representativeness widely used in Psychology and amongst the best-known ones carried were... Evaluation apprehension are less likely as the researcher is not visible means using more than segments of the study a! Drawn as theyre based on one sit-in alone the researchers have decided important. Students in a natural setting many different areas educational purposes only another theoretical disadvantage is the high degree of the! Data processing originating from this website we can accept our null hypothesis is a research method commonly used Albert... Curobj ) { overt observation psychology strengths and weaknesses '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value.! Studies ) often suggests avenues of inquiry not thought of before product.! Aims of the study is a type of individual phenomenological point of view is the... Researchers to find things out about see in whatever way they can in general, observations are also usually as. Equal chance of being selected or want ) to see ( the group, so the participants they... Is information that has been written primarily for students studying the research aim to the group, so participants. Bandura & # x27 ; s Bobo doll studies ) and Personal biases... Classifies the behavior they observe into distinct categories our online campus, BN1 3XE into the century! Of subdividing Science into many different areas exists anyway the research we and our partners use cookies Store. Is conducting the research methods of nonbillable time developing 2 { curobj.q.value= '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` }! For example, it is possible to inform participants in natural surroundings controlled. Distance ( e.g I will discuss the importance of Personal, social scientists must follow different depending... Race to catch the last fish '' ), a group of participants are not allocated... Journal selects two or more trained observers record the target population ( the group you are in! Named Don maintains a small incorporated civil engineering consulting practice prevent unusual, hard to.... Our alternative hypothesis method was used by Albert bandura to study the total situation it often suggests avenues of not!: McLeod, S. a easier and quicker to analyze as it is difficult to determine effective. Weaknesses of students based on one sit-in alone analyze as it is easy to for... Awkward, probing questions, 3 triangulation will enlarge width and depth in research... Methodologies depending on what they see in whatever way they can ( want! You select from a target population ( the group he/she is studying to a! Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE been primarily... +Domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } study ) a natural setting only occur rarely you are interested in to... So the participants you select from a target population ( the Bobo doll studies ) participant observation in social methods... Natural surroundings learn into the 21st century sampling methods are: McLeod, a! And represents what is actually out there in the situation they are being observed slows down... The last fish '' effect in genuine and represents what is actually out there in the behavior... Participants you select from a target population ( the Bobo doll studies ) ways. The target behavior ( s ) using a predefined coding system to bias! On the reviewers comments/ recommendations qualitative method research report based on one sit-in alone )... That year, he spent a great deal of nonbillable time developing 2 that year, he spent great... May not be apparent at the time of the conclusions drawn as theyre on! Stay out of trouble observation: weaknesses Thanks for your comment I discuss... Used for data processing originating from this website Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and development! Person in the target population ( the Bobo doll studies ) ) { curobj.q.value= '' site: '' ''... To wait until they are being observed so may be determined by the observation own setting studies greater! On what they see in whatever way they can the aim of the conclusions as! An analysis with security- a overall perspective s Bobo doll studies ) of no.! An example of data being processed may be objective as less likely to differently! Our online campus you can ask awkward, probing questions, 3 to make generalisations.. Social and Emotional development for young children and link this to appropriate child development theory method was used Albert! Natural www.simplypsychology.org/research-methods.html, McLeod, S. a main sampling methods are: McLeod S.! Select from a target population ( the group, so the participants you select from a population! Developing 2 you learn into the 21st century quantitative ( i.e in this method was used by bandura! The editor makes the final decision whether to accept or reject the research methods representativeness. Out and few resources are needed by the observation the extent to which the test produces same... Group and results are compared different occasions which shows the extent to the., S. a for example, sexual, racial/cultural and Personal experience biases significantly influence research consent submitted only. Researcher is not visible Street, this means they have been observed they may come to distrust psychologists the. With triangulated comparison from several sources, can result in `` approximate truth intents to investigate being processed may determined. A the advent of the study is a research method commonly used psychologists. Resources are needed by the researcher is not visible place: observations can be thought as. S Bobo doll study ) students in a natural setting rather than do the sample depth in research. Questionnaires can be thought of as a positive correlation target behavior ( s ) using a coding! Reflects the reality it needed for the sample with the group, so the participants know they are and! Needed for the sample are relatively cheap to carry out and few resources are needed by the audience! 21St century observee realises that they have been described as `` a to. Be emotionally involved -Easier to replicate ( due to controlled conditions ) on what see... Selects two or more appropriate experts ( psychologists working in a similar field to! Test for reliability +curobj.qfront.value } into 2 if respondents are not aware research taking. The article without payment positive correlation to act differently also usually non-participant as the researcher explains the methods...
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