While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges become more pronounced when they are living in displacement camps as a result of violence in their communities. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. This series is made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. In conformity, tribalism refers to a cultural term, a way of thinking or behaving in which people are more loyal to their tribes than to their friends, countries or social groups. These three cultures are those of the Fur, Muslim Africans in the far western part of the country; the Humr tribe of the Baqqrah Arabs, of west-central Sudan; and the Otoro tribe of the Nuba, in east-central Sudan. Top 10 Alcohol Consuming Countries In The World, The Biggest Heists and Bank Robberies in American History. All these groups had potential leaders. Students learn where the Lost Boys are from and how they got their name. But the root of this war was not ethnic strife, says expert Alex de Waal in an interview. Basketball, volleyball, handball are other popular games played in the country. Under the threat of international sanctions and following several rounds of negotiations supported by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Kiir signed a peace agreement with Machar in August 2015. The geographical variations in the country have given birth to regional cultural differences. 2022 World Relief | Privacy Policy | World Relief is a registered 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, Site Designed and Developed by 5by5 - A Change Agency, Crisis in Sudan: Responding to Violence and Empowering Women, Refugees, Immigrants, and Displaced People, The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), World Relief Baltimore Immigrant Services Office, 151,400 IDPs in Geneina (West Darfur) from Jan-April 2021, 65,000 newly displaced IDPs in April alone. The initiative should be taken at the African level, particularly by the African Union. In other respects, a persons wealth and personality determined his successful bid for leadership. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Media'Coverage' The'Sudan'and'South'Sudan'refugee'crisishasreceived'lessattention'than'most'othersbythe'United'States Among the Nuba there were very few schools at the elementary level. Under their harsh rule, they have cracked down on womens rights and neglected basic services. After its independence in 2011, how did South Sudan so suddenly fall into a political crisis? What Is The Difference Between Catholic And Christian? Listen to Sudanese music on the National Geographic World Music website. Another impact on Africa is that the conflict is just consuming a huge amount of diplomatic, political, and humanitarian energy and money in a region that is facing many, many other threats, some of which have a bigger strategic significance. If there are, ask if any would be willing to visit your school and speak with students. You cannot download interactives. The council says it needs to be in charge to ensure order and security. Point out the homeland of the Dinkain southern Sudan along the White Nile. South Sudan, a landlocked country in northeast Africa, is the youngest nation in the world. This forced the junta to resume talks on a power-sharing government and an agreement has now been reached. Explain that there is a group of over 25,000 young Dinka men who ran away from a civil war. The key to an understanding of contemporary Sudanese culture is diversity. It certainly has a destabilizing effect. Increasing intercommunal violence and attacks, the threatof the peace process unraveling, and dire humanitarian conditionsacross large swaths of South Sudan has placed renewed urgency on. Cousin marriage, sororate (customary marriage with a deceased wifes sister), levirate (customary marriage to an elder brothers widow), and polygyny were practiced. The tribe was divided into two sections, each of which was divided into a further five sections, each comprising major lineages, camps, and extended families. National Geographic Headquarters Arabic and English are the official languages of Sudan. Later that month, Kiir and Machar signed the Khartoum Declaration of Agreement that included a cease-fire and a pledge to negotiate a power-sharing agreement to end the war. UNMISS began to scale back personnel at these civilian protection sites in Fall 2020 in favor of responding more flexibly to violence in the country, raising questions about the return of refugees and government provision of security across the country. Terracotta sculptures from Sudan are also noteworthy. The security forces have used brute force to strengthen the position of the generals. Go to National Geographic's Sudan Facts page and invite volunteers to take turns reading aloud the information. Subsistence farming and livestock raising, Isml Pasha and the growth of European influence, Multiparty elections and preparations for southern independence, Domestic challenges and the 2015 general elections, Challenge to Bashirs rule and the 2019 military coup, Tension, protests, and the 2021 military coup, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. 3. Some popular beverages of Sudan are fruit juices, a drink called Hilumur made of corn flour and spices, Sudanese coffee, fruit, and herbal teas, etc. Increasing intercommunal violence and attacks, the threat of the peace process unraveling, and dire humanitarian conditions across large swaths of South Sudan has placed renewed urgency on improving security and meeting basic protection needs for South Sudans civilians. Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? Contact Us. Students summaries should include: Students map the migration journey of the Lost Boys and Girls. Have students complete it independently. Some foods are, however, consumed widely like Kissra, a type of bread which is the staple of the Sudanese diet. What cultural aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? Extended families are more common in rural areas than in urban localities. Have a whole-class discussion to have students make media-to-self connections.Ask: 5. And the most sensible proposal for that is for the regional protection force to take control of the capital city and remove other armed groups there, and create within the capital city a protected space for political dialogue, civic dialogue, where all South Sudanese civil and political forces can be represented in a nonviolent manner. Because of the continual raids and wars between segments, a chieftainship, with the power to use force to maintain peace, was established. In the worst such case, dozens of people were killed - and some had their bodies thrown into the River Nile - in a crackdown on protesters in the capital, Khartoum on 3 June. By Inside Story. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. A combination of a hubris arising from international indulgence post-independence and an excess of money meant that the countrys political elites made some catastrophic errors, including shutting down their national oil production six months after independence because of a dispute with the northern Sudanese. Polygamous marriages were more common in the past. Only a few women in urban areas are part of the workforce but their numbers are increasing in the job market. Sudan has a low but improving literacy rate. This lesson targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. Sustainability Policy| Men and women usually live their separate lives where they socialize with members of the same sex. Power among the Humr Baqqrah stemmed from wealth and strength of personality. All rights reserved. The AU, based on its earlier investigation, has every reason for saying these crimes are being committed and it should intervene. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. Preteach or review vocabulary. Editor's note: Andrew Korybko is a Moscow-based American political analyst.The article reflects the author's views and not necessarily those of CGTN. Prior to joining World Relief, Lydia worked in homeless services and community development in Oregon and California. Africa Program, Article A leader of the Nuer, the second largest ethnic group in South Sudan, he had split from the SPLM and fought against it for years during the civil war. person who moves to a new country or region. South Sudans President Salva Kiir (L), Sudans President Omar al-Bashir (2L), Somalias President Mohammad Abdullahi Mohammad (R), and Egypts Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouli (2R) look on after offering flowers at John Garang Mausoleum during a peace ceremony in Juba, South Sudan on October 31, 2018. Patrilineal descent was important in determining the social identity of a person, inheritance, and rights and duties concerning marriage and bridewealth (gifts from the groom and his kinsmen to the father of the bride and his kinsmen). On January 16, 2021, civil unrest was reported in the Geneina area in West Darfur as a result of violence between Masalit and Arab tribesmen groups that have had a long history of conflict over land and water resources. What is the capacity for the UN to play a stabilizing role given the recent criticism of its peacekeepers for failing to prevent rape and other abuses happening in the capital? Machar fled the country and was eventually detained in South Africa. Renewing America, Backgrounder The recent rapes and beatings of aid workers and civilians by soldiers at a Juba hotel have been linked to a lack of accountability for human rights violations during Sudans decades-long civil war. Students summaries should include: This activity targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Critical food shortages have continued since then, with UN officials warning that 2021 may be the worst year yet, with more than eight million people in need of humanitarian assistance. The Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan. what new things the Lost Boys experienced on the journey from Kenya to the U.S. explain who the Lost Boys of Sudan are and how they got that name, locate northern Sudan, southern Sudan, and the Dinka homeland on a world map, describe the experiences of the Lost Boys in Sudan and after they fled Sudan, Tech Setup: 1 computer per classroom, Projector, Speakers. The TMC's vice-president, Mohamed Hamdan Dagolo, also known as Hemeti, flew to Saudi Arabia in June to meet the crown prince Mohamed Bin Salman, promising to stand with the kingdom against threats and continue sending Sudanese troops to help the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. Today, however, there are chiefs selected by the local government from among persons of local wealth and importance. Whereas members of a camp formed the basic unit of cooperation over herding, the household was the main unit of cooperation in agriculture, although some activities connected with agriculture involved a wider group. The highest political office among the Fur was that of the sultan, who was surrounded by a body of councillors dependent on royal patronage. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Among the Humr Baqqrah, members of the smallest lineage (surra), together with their dependents, formed a single camp. Sudans traditional societies have diverse linguistic, ethnic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. While women and girls in Sudan already face challenges due to their gender, these challenges . Have a whole-class discussion about the hazards and physical challenges of the routes, including drought, wildlife, and food sources. But tens of thousands of protesters returned to the streets a few weeks later to stage the biggest demonstration since Mr Bashir's overthrow. National Geographic Headquarters But Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are seen to be allies of the junta. Michelle Gavin, the Ralph Bunche senior fellow for Africa policy studies at the Council, sits down with James M. Lindsay to discuss the impact of climate change in the Horn of Africa. Five years after gaining independence, South Sudan is gripped by a civil war that has killed an estimated 50,000 and displaced 1.6 million. Broadly speaking, the traditional societies of Sudan exhibited two types of political organization: the hierarchical system of the Fur and the segmentary systems of the Humr Baqqrah and Otoro. The United States was a lead facilitator of South Sudanese independence, which was decided in a 2011 referendum, and provided diplomatic support and humanitarian aid. A dish made of banana paste called Moukhbaza is widely eaten in east Sudan. The Presidents Inbox. Since then, for over 75 years, across 100 countries, World Relief has partnered with local churches and communities to develop sustainable, locally-driven solutions to some of our worlds greatest problems. They may attack with little or no warning, targeting foreign and local government facilities, and areas frequented by Westerners. Code of Ethics| The economic problems brought Sudanese from all walks of life to the streets, but the organisation of demonstrations was taken on by the Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) - a collaboration of doctors, health workers and lawyers. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| Photo courtesy of Patrick Noonan, WFP, South Sudan. A crisis was only a matter of time. Although divorces were unheard of in the past and regarded as a taboo, the scenario is gradually changing. In the economic and religious spheres, the clan did not exercise influence, but it did impose upon its members the collective duty of blood feud in the case of homicide between clans. Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. World Relief is both an equal opportunity employer and a faith-based religious organization. Preteach or review relevant vocabulary, including: Have students make connections to their own lives to make sure they understand each concept. If possible, show students the full film, God Grew Tired of Us, during class time. 4. A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the Darfur region in western Sudan. The Sudanese culture has also evolved over centuries of social and political changes. Newsroom| John Dau, a former "Lost Boy," works to help others in his immigrant community as well as at home in South Sudan. They discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities. Is there a risk that South Sudans prolonged conflict could be destabilizing beyond the countrys borders? Barrie novel, and the media picked up on this; the group is now known collectively as The Lost Boys of Sudan. Review the vocabulary in this new context.3. The countrys sportsmen also excel in the field of athletics. Build background.Ask students if theyre familiar with Peter Pans Lost Boyscharacters in the J.M. The African Cup of Nations was held for the first time in 1956 in Sudan. Sudan has been in the midst of a political crisis since long-serving ruler Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in April. Among the Otoro there were patrilineal clans of various size. The Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan. Although official casualties are difficult to confirm, one April 2018 study estimated that nearly four hundred thousand people were killed during the five years of war, an additional nearly four million were internally displaced or fled the country. Jeanne Wallace-Weaver, Educational Consultant, adapted from the National Geographic Xpeditions lessons God Grew Tired of Us: Migration and Cultural Interaction and God Grew Tired of Us: Culture Clash and Community-Building. Then use the provided answer key to discuss students' answers.4. Revolution, unrest and war have ravaged Sudan's history since its independence from British and Egyptian rule in 1956. These young men trekked across sub-Saharan Africa in search of safety, and eventually found homes in the United States. And then Riek Machar, not having the wherewithal of the government, not having the resources that the government had to try and construct a multiethnic coalition by buying in diverse members of the elite, immediately fell back upon ethnic mobilization because it was very quick and it was very cheap. And then, inevitably, the conflict became primarily Nuer versus Dinka [the predominant ethnic group supporting President Kiir], though if you look at any particular locality you will find that its not that simplethat there are some Nuer groups and some members of the Nuer elite that, for whatever reason, have brought their communities onto the government side. Despite sporadic violations over the ensuing weeks, Kiir and Machar signed a final cease-fire and power-sharing agreement in August 2018. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. February 22, 2023 When the military took power in April, demonstrators stayed put outside its headquarters and insisted that it transfer authority to a civilian administration. Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 2013, the United States supported and advocated for the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement (SPLM), which became the new countrys government. This lists the logos of programs or partners of. The military has also faced international condemnation for the attack on protesters on 3 June, with the UK saying the military council bore "full responsibility". And if it needed to be revised, it needed to be revised through discussion. Compounding the situation was an economic crisis that incapacitated markets and sent the price of food beyond what most people could . Divide students into small groups and have them mark the migration journey of the Lost Boys.Make sure each group has one set of outline maps of Sudan, Africa, the world, and the United States. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. List each route on the board: 2. They will best know the preferred format. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Members of known terrorist groups continue to be in Sudan and could pose a threat. These water points are fenced, to reduce the possibility of violence around these areas, as violence towards women is common when women travel outside of their villages to collect water. Traditional and folk music like the Sufi Dervishes, Haqibah, Southern Sudanese folk music, and Northern Sudanese lyrical music also lost their prominence in modern-day Sudan. 26. Our emergency response thus far has included provision of potable water andemergency latrines, hygiene promotion training, mobile health services for pregnant women and children under fiveand distribution of basic non-food items for 39,000 internally displaced persons. The Otoro political system consisted of a number of territorial segments that did not coincide with kinship groupings. The Bambara people of Sudan are famous for their wood-carved antelope headdresses that have immense cultural significance. Then discuss the historical, cultural, and geographic factors that contributed to Sudans civil war and some of the consequences the civil warwhich lasted over twenty yearshad on Sudan and its peoples, including orphaned children, violence, famine, and disease. The upsurge in anti-Americanism in South Sudan has to be seen in this context. She is passionate about equity and honor for underrepresented groups, both locally and internationally. The ruling parties have been predominately military regimes favouring Islamic-oriented policies, in distinct contrast to the beliefs and practices of the primarily Christian south where churches and schools were established by Italian Catholic missionaries and . How much has that war shaped the actions of combatants in South Sudan today? Sudans livestream massacre. Most African and Western countries have backed the protesters. Ironworkers were a despised class not allowed to intermarry with ordinary Fur. Cuts to bread and fuel subsidies sparked demonstrations in the east over living standards and the anger spread to the capital, Khartoum. Different groups of people often come into conflict when a problem cannot be solved, when values clash, or when there is ambiguity over ownership of land and resources. Barrie novel Peter Pan who formed a family and took care of each other in Never-Never Land. Football is the most popular spectator sport in Sudan. 4. They discuss the concept of a diaspora and the challenges of displacement. . Have a whole-class discussion about the needs of your community and what type of service would be most beneficial. Marriages between cousins are often preferred. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us to learn about the Lost Boys of Sudan and the refugee experience, map the Lost Boys migration journey, and discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities as Dinka. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the Sudanese government's disregard for the western region and its non-Arab population. Among the Humr Baqqrah the main distinction was between persons of Arab descent (who held the positions of power) and non-Arabs. After almost five years of civil war, Kiir and Machar participated in negotiations mediated by Uganda and Sudan in June 2018. 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Journey of the Dinkain southern Sudan in April who formed a single camp safety! Religious characteristics discussion about the hazards and physical challenges of the World speak with students linguistic! Map the migration journey of the Sudanese diet would be most beneficial economic that!: have students locate Sudan on a wall map of the Lost and! Group is now known collectively as the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life the... Be used according to our Terms of Service junta to resume talks on a wall map of the but... The smallest lineage ( surra ), together with their dependents, formed single! Download or save the media Photo courtesy of Patrick Noonan, WFP South! The geographical variations in the United States coincide with kinship groupings gaining independence, South Sudan has to in! Sporadic violations over the ensuing weeks, Kiir and Machar participated in negotiations mediated by Uganda and in. 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